Research Methodology – UG Course Summary
1. Introduction to Research
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Definition and purpose of research
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Characteristics of research
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Types: Basic vs. Applied, Qualitative vs. Quantitative
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Scientific approach to inquiry
2. Research Problem and Hypothesis
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Identifying and defining a research problem
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Criteria for a good research problem
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Hypothesis: meaning, types, formulation, and significance
3. Review of Literature
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Importance of literature review
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Sources of literature: primary and secondary
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Process of reviewing and synthesizing past research
4. Research Design
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Meaning and need for research design
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Types: Descriptive, Experimental, Exploratory, Diagnostic
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Sampling techniques: probability and non-probability sampling
5. Methods of Data Collection
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Primary and secondary data
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Tools: questionnaires, interviews, observation, surveys
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Characteristics of a good data collection tool
6. Data Analysis and Interpretation
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Organizing and presenting data
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Basic statistical tools (mean, median, mode, SD)
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Interpreting results and drawing conclusions
7. Report Writing and Presentation
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Structure of a research report
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Citation and referencing (APA/MLA format basics)
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Plagiarism and ethical issues in research
8. Applications of Research in Education/Social Sciences
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Role of research in solving educational/social problems
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Action research and its uses
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Limitations of research in real-life settings
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